Digital cities roadmap : IoT-based architecture and sustainable buildings / edited by Arun Solanki, Adarsh Kumar and Anand Nayyar.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Arun Solanki PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India, where he has been working since 2009. His research interests span expert systems, machine learning, and search engines. He has published many research articles in international journals/conferences.

Adarsh Kumar PhD is an associate professor at the University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. His main research interests are cybersecurity, cryptography, network security, and ad-hoc networks. He has published 60+ research papers in reputed journals, conferences and workshops.

Anand Nayyar PhD is currently working in the Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. He is a certified professional with more than 75 Professional Certificates from CISCO, Microsoft, Oracle, Google, Beingcert, EXIN, GAQM, Cyberoam, and many more. He published more than 300 research articles in various national and international journals and conferences. He has authored, coauthored or edited about 30 books and has been granted two patents in the areas of Internet of Things and speech processing.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xix

1 The Use of Machine Learning for Sustainable and Resilient Buildings 1
Kuldeep Singh Kaswan and Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal

1.1 Introduction of ML Sustainable Resilient Building 2

1.2 Related Works 2

1.3 Machine Learning 5

1.4 What is Resilience? 6

1.4.1 Sustainability and Resiliency Conditions 7

1.4.2 Paradigm and Challenges of Sustainability and Resilience 7

1.4.3 Perspectives of Local Community 9

1.5 Sustainability and Resilience of Engineered System 12

1.5.1 Resilience and Sustainable Development Framework for Decision-Making 13

1.5.2 Exposures and Disturbance Events 15

1.5.3 Quantification of Resilience 15

1.5.4 Quantification of Sustainability 16

1.6 Community and Quantification Metrics, Resilience and Sustainability Objectives 17

1.6.1 Definition of Quantification Metric 18

1.6.2 Considering and Community 19

1.7 Structure Engineering Dilemmas and Resilient Epcot 21

1.7.1 Dilation of Resilience Essence 21

1.7.2 Quality of Life 22

1.8 Development of Risk Informed Criteria for Building Design Hurricane Resilient on Building 27

1.9 Resilient Infrastructures Against Earthquake and Tsunami Multi-Hazard 28

1.10 Machine Learning With Smart Building 29

1.10.1 Smart Building Appliances 29

1.10.2 Intelligent Tools, Cameras and Electronic Controls in a Connected House (SRB) 29

1.10.3 Level if Clouds are the IoT Institute Level With SBs 31

1.10.4 Component of Smart Buildings (SB) 33

1.10.5 Machine Learning Tasks in Smart Building Environment 46

1.10.6 ML Tools and Services for Smart Building 47

1.10.7 Big Data Research Applications for SBs in Real-Time 51

1.10.8 Implementation of the ML Concept in the SB Context 51

1.11 Conclusion and Future Research 53

References 58

2 Fire Hazard Detection and Prediction by Machine Learning Techniques in Smart Buildings (SBs) Using Sensors and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 63
Sandhya Tarar and Namisha Bhasin

2.1 Introduction 64

2.1.1 Bluetooth 65

2.1.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 65

2.1.3 Sensors 65

2.1.4 Problem Description 67

2.2 Literature Review 68

2.3 Experimental Methods 71

2.3.1 Univariate Time-Series 73

2.3.1.1 Naïve Bayes 74

2.3.1.2 Simple Average 74

2.3.1.3 Moving Average 75

2.3.1.4 Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES) 76

2.3.1.5 Holt’s Linear Trend 76

2.3.1.6 Holt–Winters Method 76

2.3.1.7 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) 77

2.3.2 Multivariate Time-Series Prediction 80

2.3.2.1 Vector Autoregressive (VAR) 80

2.3.3 Hidden Markov Model (HMM) 81

2.3.4 Fuzzy Logic 85

2.4 Results 89

2.5 Conclusion and Future Work 89

References 90

3 Sustainable Infrastructure Theories and Models 97
Saurabh Jain, Keshav Kaushik, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi and Adarsh Kumar

3.1 Introduction to Data Fusion Approaches in Sustainable Infrastructure 98

3.1.1 The Need for Sustainable Infrastructure 98

3.1.2 Data Fusion 99

3.1.3 Different Types of Data Fusion Architecture 100

3.1.3.1 Centralized Architecture 100

3.1.3.2 Decentralized Architecture 101

3.1.3.3 Distributed Architecture 101

3.1.3.4 Hierarchical Architecture 102

3.1.4 Smart Cities Application With Sustainable Infrastructures Based on Different Data Fusion Techniques 102

3.2 Smart City Infrastructure Approaches 104

3.2.1 Smart City Infrastructure 104

3.2.2 Smart City IoT Deployments 105

3.2.3 Smart City Control and Monitoring Centers 106

3.2.4 Theory of Unified City Modeling for Smart Infrastructure 108

3.2.5 Smart City Operational Modeling 109

3.3 Theories and Models 110

3.3.1 Sustainable Infrastructure Theories 110

3.3.2 Sustainable Infrastructure Models 112

3.4 Case Studies 113

3.4.1 Case Studies-1: Web Browsing History Analysis 113

3.4.1.1 Objective 115

3.4.2 Case Study-2: Data Model for Group Construction in Student’s Industrial Placement 117

3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 121

References 122

4 Blockchain for Sustainable Smart Cities 127
Iftikhar Ahmad, Syeda Warda Ashar, Umamma Khalid, Anmol Irfan and Wajeeha Khalil

4.1 Introduction 128

4.2 Smart City 130

4.2.1 Overview of Smart City 130

4.2.2 Evolution 130

4.2.3 Smart City’s Sub Systems 130

4.2.4 Domains of Smart City 132

4.2.5 Challenges 134

4.3 Blockchain 136

4.3.1 Motivation 137

4.3.2 The Birth of Blockchain 137

4.3.3 System of Blockchain 137

4.4 Use Cases of Smart City Implementing Blockchain 138

4.4.1 Blockchain-Based Smart Economy 138

4.4.1.1 Facilitating Faster and Cheaper International Payment 139

4.4.1.2 Distributed Innovations in Financial Transactions 139

4.4.1.3 Enhancing the Transparency of Supply/Global Commodity Chains 140

4.4.1.4 Equity Crowd Funding 141

4.4.2 Blockchain for Smart People 141

4.4.2.1 Elections through Blockchain Technology 141

4.4.2.2 Smart Contract 143

4.4.2.3 Protecting Personal Data 144

4.4.2.4 E-Health: Storing Health Records on Blockchain 145

4.4.2.5 Intellectual Property Rights 145

4.4.2.6 Digital Payments 146

4.4.2.7 Other Use Cases 146

4.4.3 Blockchain-Based Smart Governance 147

4.4.3.1 Transparent Record Keeping and Tracking of Records 147

4.4.3.2 Fraud Free Voting 148

4.4.3.3 Decision Making 150

4.4.4 Blockchain-Based Smart Transport 150

4.4.4.1 Digitizing Driving License 150

4.4.4.2 Smart Ride Sharing 150

4.4.5 Blockchain-Based Smart Environment 151

4.4.5.1 Social Plastic 151

4.4.5.2 Energy 152

4.4.5.3 Environmental Treaties 152

4.4.5.4 Carbon Tax 153

4.4.6 Blockchain-Based Smart Living 153

4.4.6.1 Fighting Against Frauds and Discriminatory Policies and Practices 154

4.4.6.2 Managing Change in Ownership 154

4.4.6.3 Sustainable Buildings 154

4.4.6.4 Other Use Cases 155

4.5 Conclusion 156

References 156

5 Contextualizing Electronic Governance, Smart City Governance and Sustainable Infrastructure in India: A Study and Framework 163
Nitin K. Tyagi and Mukta Goyal

5.1 Introduction 164

5.2 Related Works 166

5.2.1 Research Questions 166

5.3 Related E-Governance Frameworks 178

5.3.1 Smart City Features in India 181

5.4 Proposed Smart Governance Framework 181

5.5 Results Discussion 185

5.5.1 Initial Stage 185

5.5.2 Design, Development and Delivery Stage 186

5.6 Conclusion 186

References 188

6 Revolutionizing Geriatric Design in Developing Countries: IoT-Enabled Smart Home Design for the Elderly 193
Shubhi Sonal and Anupadma R.

6.1 Introduction to Geriatric Design 194

6.1.1 Aim, Objectives, and Methodology 196

6.1.2 Organization of Chapter 197

6.2 Background 197

6.2.1 Development of Smart Homes 197

6.2.2 Development of Smart Homes for Elderly 198

6.2.3 Indian Scenario 200

6.3 Need for Smart Homes: An Assessment of Requirements for the Elderly-Activity Mapping 201

6.3.1 Geriatric Smart Home Design: The Indian Context 202

6.3.2 Elderly Activity Mapping 202

6.3.3 Framework for Smart Homes for Elderly People 206

6.3.4 Architectural Interventions: Spatial Requirements for Daily Activities 207

6.3.5 Architectural Interventions to Address Issues Faced by Elderly People 208

6.4 Schematic Design for a Nesting Home: IoT-Enabled Smart Home for Elderly People 208

6.4.1 IoT-Based Real Time Automation for Nesting Homes 208

6.4.2 Technological Components of Elderly Smart Homes 212

6.4.2.1 Sensors for Smart Home 212

6.4.2.2 Health Monitoring System 213

6.4.2.3 Network Devices 213

6.4.2.4 Alerts 214

6.5 Worldwide Elderly Smart Homes 214

6.5.1 Challenges in Smart Elderly Homes 215

6.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 216

References 216

7 Sustainable E-Infrastructure for Blockchain-Based Voting System 221
Mukta Goyal and Adarsh Kumar

7.1 Introduction 222

7.1.1 E-Voting Challenge 224

7.2 Related Works 224

7.3 System Design 227

7.4 Experimentation 230

7.4.1 Software Requirements 230

7.4.2 Function Requirements 230

7.4.2.1 Election Organizer 231

7.4.2.2 Candidate Registration 231

7.4.2.3 Voter Registration Process 232

7.4.3 Common Functional Requirement for All Users 233

7.4.3.1 Result Display 233

7.4.4 Non-Function Requirements 233

7.4.4.1 Performance Requirement 233

7.4.4.2 Security Requirement 233

7.4.4.3 Usability Requirement 233

7.4.4.4 Availability Requirement 234

7.4.5 Implementation Details 234

7.5 Findings & Results 237

7.5.1 Smart Contract Deployment 241

7.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 242

Acknowledgement 246

References 246

8 Impact of IoT-Enabled Smart Cities: A Systematic Review and Challenges 253
K. Rajkumar and U. Hariharan

8.1 Introduction 254

8.2 Recent Development in IoT Application for Modern City 256

8.2.1 IoT Potential Smart City Approach 257

8.2.2 Problems and Related Solutions in Modern Smart Cities Application 259

8.3 Classification of IoT-Based Smart Cities 262

8.3.1 Program Developers 263

8.3.2 Network Type 263

8.3.3 Activities of Standardization Bodies of Smart City 263

8.3.4 Available Services 269

8.3.5 Specification 269

8.4 Impact of 5G Technology in IT, Big Data Analytics, and Cloud Computing 270

8.4.1 IoT Five-Layer Architecture for Smart City Applications 270

8.4.1.1 Sensing Layer (Get Information from Sensor) 272

8.4.1.2 Network Layer (Access and Also Transmit Information) 272

8.4.1.3 Data Storage and Analyzing 273

8.4.1.4 Smart Cities Model (Smart Industry Model, Smart Healthcare Model, Smart Cities, Smart Agriculture Model) 273

8.4.1.5 Application Layer (Dedicated Apps and Services) 273

8.4.2 IoT Computing Paradigm for Smart City Application 274

8.5 Research Advancement and Drawback on Smart Cities 280

8.5.1 Integration of Cloud Computing in Smart Cities 280

8.5.2 Integration of Applications 281

8.5.3 System Security 281

8.6 Summary of Smart Cities and Future Research Challenges and Their Guidelines 282

8.7 Conclusion and Future Direction 287

References 288

9 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in Green Buildings, a Pre-Requisite to Human Health and Well-Being 293
Ankita Banerjee, N.P. Melkania and Ayushi Nain

9.1 Introduction 294

9.2 Pollutants Responsible for Poor IAQ 296

9.2.1 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 296

9.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM) 298

9.2.3 Asbestos 299

9.2.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 299

9.2.5 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) 300

9.2.6 Biological Pollutants 301

9.2.7 Lead (Pb) 303

9.2.8 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 304

9.2.9 Ozone (O3) 305

9.3 Health Impacts of Poor IAQ 306

9.3.1 Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) 306

9.3.2 Acute Impacts 307

9.3.3 Chronic Impacts 308

9.4 Strategies to Maintain a Healthy Indoor Environment in Green Buildings 308

9.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 313

References 314

10 An Era of Internet of Things Leads to Smart Cities Initiatives Towards Urbanization 319
Pooja Choudhary, Lava Bhargava, Ashok Kumar Suhag, Manju Choudhary and Satendra Singh

10.1 Introduction: Emergence of a Smart City Concept 320

10.2 Components of Smart City 321

10.2.1 Smart Infrastructure 323

10.2.2 Smart Building 323

10.2.3 Smart Transportation 325

10.2.4 Smart Energy 326

10.2.5 Smart Health Care 327

10.2.6 Smart Technology 328

10.2.7 Smart Citizen 329

10.2.8 Smart Governance 330

10.2.9 Smart Education 330

10.3 Role of IoT in Smart Cities 331

10.3.1 Intent of IoT Adoption in Smart Cities 333

10.3.2 IoT-Supported Communication Technologies 333

10.4 Sectors, Services Related and Principal Issues for IoT Technologies 336

10.5 Impact of Smart Cities 336

10.5.1 Smart City Impact on Science and Technology 336

10.5.2 Smart City Impact on Competitiveness 339

10.5.3 Smart City Impact on Society 339

10.5.4 Smart City Impact on Optimization and Management 339

10.5.5 Smart City for Sustainable Development 340

10.6 Key Applications of IoT in Smart Cities 340

10.7 Challenges 343

10.7.1 Smart City Design Challenges 343

10.7.2 Challenges Raised by Smart Cities 344

10.7.3 Challenges of IoT Technologies in Smart Cities 344

10.8 Conclusion 346

Acknowledgements 346

References 346

11 Trip-I-Plan: A Mobile Application for Task Scheduling in Smart City’s Sustainable Infrastructure 351
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi, Dhanalekshmi Gopinathan and Adarsh Kumar

11.1 Introduction 352

11.2 Smart City and IoT 354

11.3 Mobile Computing for Smart City 357

11.4 Smart City and its Applications 360

11.4.1 Traffic Monitoring 360

11.4.2 Smart Lighting 361

11.4.3 Air Quality Monitoring 362

11.5 Smart Tourism in Smart City 363

11.6 Mobile Computing-Based Smart Tourism 366

11.7 Case Study: A Mobile Application for Trip Planner Task Scheduling in Smart City’s Sustainable Infrastructure 368

11.7.1 System Interfaces and User Interfaces 371

11.8 Experimentation and Results Discussion 371

11.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 373

References 374

12 Smart Health Monitoring for Elderly Care in Indoor Environments 379
Sonia and Tushar Semwal

12.1 Introduction 380

12.2 Sensors 382

12.2.1 Human Traits 383

12.2.2 Sensors Description 384

12.2.2.1 Passive Sensors 385

12.2.2.2 Active Sensors 386

12.2.3 Sensing Challenges 387

12.3 Internet of Things and Connected Systems 387

12.4 Applications 389

12.5 Case Study 392

12.5.1 Case 1 392

12.5.2 Case 2 393

12.5.3 Challenges Involved 393

12.5.4 Possible Solution 393

12.6 Conclusion 395

12.7 Discussion 395

References 395

13 A Comprehensive Study of IoT Security Risks in Building a Secure Smart City 401
Akansha Bhargava, Gauri Salunkhe, Sushant Bhargava and Prerna Goswami

13.1 Introduction 402

13.1.1 Organization of the Chapter 404

13.2 Related Works 405

13.3 Overview of IoT System in Smart Cities 407

13.3.1 Physical Devices 409

13.3.2 Connectivity 409

13.3.3 Middleware 410

13.3.4 Human Interaction 410

13.4 IoT Security Prerequisite 411

13.5 IoT Security Areas 413

13.5.1 Anomaly Detection 413

13.5.2 Host-Based IDS (HIDS) 414

13.5.3 Network-Based IDS (NIDS) 414

13.5.4 Malware Detection 414

13.5.5 Ransomware Detection 415

13.5.6 Intruder Detection 415

13.5.7 Botnet Detection 415

13.6 IoT Security Threats 416

13.6.1 Passive Threats 416

13.6.2 Active Threats 417

13.7 Review of ML/DL Application in IoT Security 418

13.7.1 Machine Learning Methods 421

13.7.1.1 Decision Trees (DTs) 421

13.7.1.2 K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 423

13.7.1.3 Random Forest 424

13.7.1.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 425

13.7.1.5 Naïve Bayes 425

13.7.1.6 Support Vector Machines (SVM) 425

13.7.2 Deep Learning Methods 426

13.7.2.1 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) 427

13.7.2.2 Auto Encoder (AE) 429

13.7.2.3 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) 429

13.7.2.4 Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) 432

13.7.2.5 Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) 433

13.7.2.6 Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) 433

13.8 Challenges 434

13.8.1 IoT Dataset Unavailability 434

13.8.2 Computational Complications 434

13.8.3 Forensics Challenges 435

13.9 Future Prospects 436

13.9.1 Implementation of ML/DL With Edge Computing 437

13.9.2 Integration of ML/DL With Blockchain 438

13.9.3 Integration of ML/DL With Fog Computing 439

13.10 Conclusion 439

References 440

14 Role of Smart Buildings in Smart City—Components, Technology, Indicators, Challenges, Future Research Opportunities 449
Tarana Singh, Arun Solanki and Sanjay Kumar Sharma

14.1 Introduction 449

14.1.1 Chapter Organization 453

14.2 Literature Review 453

14.3 Components of Smart Cities 455

14.3.1 Smart Infrastructure 455

14.3.2 Smart Parking Management 456

14.3.3 Connected Charging Stations 457

14.3.4 Smart Buildings and Properties 457

14.3.5 Smart Garden and Sprinkler Systems 457

14.3.6 Smart Heating and Ventilation 457

14.3.7 Smart Industrial Environment 458

14.3.8 Smart City Services 458

14.3.9 Smart Energy Management 458

14.3.10 Smart Water Management 459

14.3.11 Smart Waste Management 459

14.4 Characteristics of Smart Buildings 459

14.4.1 Minimal Human Control 459

14.4.2 Optimization 460

14.4.3 Qualities 460

14.4.4 Connected Systems 460

14.4.5 Use of Sensors 460

14.4.6 Automation 461

14.4.7 Data 461

14.5 Supporting Technology 461

14.5.1 Big Data and IoT in Smart Cities 461

14.5.2 Sensors 462

14.5.3 5G Connectivity 462

14.5.4 Geospatial Technology 462

14.5.5 Robotics 463

14.6 Key Performance Indicators of Smart City 463

14.6.1 Smart Economy 463

14.6.2 Smart Governance 464

14.6.3 Smart Mobility 464

14.6.4 Smart Environment 464

14.6.5 Smart People 464

14.6.6 Smart Living 465

14.7 Challenges While Working for Smart City 465

14.7.1 Retrofitting Existing Legacy City Infrastructure to Make it Smart 465

14.7.2 Financing Smart Cities 466

14.7.3 Availability of Master Plan or City Development Plan 466

14.7.4 Financial Sustainability of ULBs 466

14.7.5 Technical Constraints ULBs 466

14.7.6 Three-Tier Governance 467

14.7.7 Providing Clearances in a Timely Manner 467

14.7.8 Dealing With a Multivendor Environment 467

14.7.9 Capacity Building Program 467

14.7.10 Reliability of Utility Services 468

14.8 Future Research Opportunities in Smart City 468

14.8.1 IoT Management 468

14.8.2 Data Management 469

14.8.3 Smart City Assessment Framework 469

14.8.4 VANET Security 469

14.8.5 Improving Photovoltaic Cells 469

14.8.6 Smart City Enablers 470

14.8.7 Information System Risks 470

14.9 Conclusion 470

References 471

15 Effects of Green Buildings on the Environment 477
Ayushi Nain, Ankita Banerjee and N.P. Melkania

15.1 Introduction 478

15.2 Sustainability and the Building Industry 480

15.2.1 Environmental Benefits 481

15.2.2 Social Benefits 483

15.2.3 Economic Benefits 483

15.3 Goals of Green Buildings 484

15.3.1 Green Design 485

15.3.2 Energy Efficiency 485

15.3.3 Water Efficiency 487

15.3.4 Material Efficiency 489

15.3.5 Improved Internal Environment and Air Quality 490

15.3.6 Minimization of Wastes 492

15.3.7 Operations and Maintenance Optimization 492

15.4 Impacts of Classical Buildings that Green Buildings Seek to Rectify 493

15.4.1 Energy Use in Buildings 494

15.4.2 Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions 494

15.4.3 Indoor Air Quality 494

15.4.4 Building Water Use 496

15.4.5 Use of Land and Consumption 496

15.4.6 Construction Materials 497

15.4.7 Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes 498

15.5 Green Buildings in India 498

15.6 Conclusion 503

Acknowledgement 504

Acronyms 504

References 505

Index 509

"A good management strategy must be expected to mitigate the dangerous consequences of rapid urbanization that modern society, the economy, and the environment may face. Sustainable smart cities include established structures, infrastructures, communities, institutions, and individuals. On the other hand, this book also deals with energy consumption. Such energy consumption leads to a rapid depletion of energy resources, an increased need for building maintenance, an improvised comfortable lifestyle, and an increase in time spent on building construction. A sustainable building mainly explains the renewable sources used for construction, which helps the structure withstand atmospheric changes. Currently, all countries are looking for ecological materials, that is, renewable plant materials such as straw and clay bricks, wood from forests certified for sustainable management, recycled materials, and other non-toxic, reusable and renewable products. For sustainable and durable construction, energy efficiency is an urgent problem, and researchers are currently actively involved in this area. This book will provide an in-depth analysis of design technologies that lay a solid foundation for sustainable buildings. The book also highlights smart automation technologies that help save energy, as well as various performance indicators needed to make construction easier. The book aims to create a strong research community, to have a deep understanding and the latest knowledge in the field of energy and comfort, to offer solid ideas in the nearby future for sustainable and resilient buildings. These buildings will help the city grow as a smart city. The smart city has also focused on low energy consumption, renewable energy, and small carbon footprints. To find the optimal use of energy resources, researchers must study optimization methods."-- Provided by publisher.

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