Green energy to sustainability : strategies for global industries / edited by Alain Vertès, PhD- MBA, Sloan Fellow, London Business School, Nasib Qureshi, PhD, PhD, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, United States of America and Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Illinois), Hans P Blaschek, Professor Emeritus, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Hideaki Yukawa, a, PhD, Chief Executive Officer, Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Institute CO. Ltd., Tokyo 108- 0014, Japan..

Contributor(s): Vertes, Alain A [editor.]
Language: English Publisher: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2020Edition: First editionDescription: 1 electronic resourceContent type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781119152026; 9781119152057Subject(s): Biomass energy -- International cooperation | Biomass energy industries -- International cooperation | GlobalizationGenre/Form: Electronic books.DDC classification: 333.95/39 LOC classification: TP339 | .G75 2020Online resources: Full text available at Wiley Online Library Click here to view
Contents:
About the Editors xxi List of Contributors xxv Foreword xxxi Preface xxxiii Part I Structure of the Energy Business 1 1 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand 3 Jürgen Scheffran, Miriam Felkers and Rebecca Froese 1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development 3 1.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use 6 1.3 World Population Trends and Prospects 7 1.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth 8 1.5 Global Energy Development 11 1.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 14 1.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors 16 1.8 Development of Energy Investment 28 1.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization 31 1.10 Perspectives 37 Acknowledgments 38 References 38 2 The Energy Mix in Japan Post-Fukushima 45 Seiji Nakagame 2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan 45 2.2 Energy Dependence 46 2.3 The Energy Policy of Japan 48 2.4 Paris Agreement 49 2.5 Prospective Energy Demand 50 2.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency 50 2.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation 51 2.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions 51 2.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan 51 2.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan 52 2.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan 52 2.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development 52 2.13 Perspectives 53 References 53 3 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America 57 Daniel de Castro Assumpção, Marcelo Hamaguchi, José Dilcio Rocha and Adriano P. Mariano 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 South America 58 3.3 Africa 62 3.4 Southeast Asia 66 3.5 China 69 3.6 Global Perspectives 72 References 72 4 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities 77 F. John Hay and N. Ianno 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis 78 4.3 Photovoltaic Devices 79 4.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications 82 4.5 Perspectives 83 References 84 5 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel 85 Libing Zhang, Terri L. Butler and Bin Yang 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market 86 5.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry 93 5.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry 98 5.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development 100 5.6 Perspectives 104 Acknowledgments 105 References 105 6 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 111 Sandra D. Gaona, Cheryl Keenan, Cyril Vallet, Lawrence Reichle and Stephen C. DeVito 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 112 6.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing 114 6.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing 121 6.5 Perspectives 131 Disclaimer 134 References 134 7 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology-Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges 137 Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand 137 7.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts 140 7.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand 143 7.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 145 7.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 149 7.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth 151 7.8 Projection of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology 151 7.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals 152 7.10 Perspectives 154 References 155 Part II Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass 157 8 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass 159 Ankita Juneja and Vijay Singh 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 2-Carbon 161 8.3 3-Carbon 163 8.4 4-Carbon 166 8.5 5-Carbon 169 8.6 6-Carbon 171 8.7 Perspectives 174 References 175 9 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production 185 Licheng Peng, Freeman Lan and Christopher Q. Lan 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Biofuels 186 9.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds 191 9.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies 195 9.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production 200 9.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga-Based Biofuels 205 9.7 Perspectives 209 References 210 10 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for Escherichia coli 219 K. T. Shanmugam, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York and Lonnie O. Ingram 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Zymomonas mobilis 222 10.3 Escherichia coli 223 10.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration 227 10.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli 227 10.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway 229 10.7 Ethanol Production by Non-PDC Pathways 230 10.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node 231 10.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production 231 10.10 Perspectives 232 Acknowledgements 232 References 233 11 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation 239 Adriano P. Mariano, Danilo S. Braz, Henrique C. A. Venturelli and Nasib Qureshi 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Recent Technological Advances 241 11.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study 246 11.4 Perspectives 263 Acknowledgements 263 References 264 12 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts 269 Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones 12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production 269 12.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production 272 12.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs 277 12.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks 279 References 281 13 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification 283 Elmar M. Villota, Ziyu Dai, Yanpin Lu and Bin Yang 13.1 Introduction 283 13.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism 286 13.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System 289 13.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System 295 13.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis 299 13.6 Perspectives 308 Acknowledgement 309 References 309 14 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 327 Mairi J. Black, Onesmus Mwabonje, Aiduan Li Borrion and Aurelia Karina Hillary 14.1 Introduction 327 14.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 328 14.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment 329 14.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment 329 14.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential 331 14.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 332 14.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels 332 14.8 Conversion of Feedstock 333 14.9 Supply Chain and Logistics 335 14.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply 335 14.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA 336 14.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept 348 References 349 Part III Hydrogen and Methane 355 15 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment 357 Carolina Zampol Lazaro, Emrah Sagir and Patrick C. Hallenbeck 15.1 Introduction 357 15.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation 358 15.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation 370 15.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems 370 15.5 Perspectives 379 Acknowledgements 383 References 383 16 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries 395 Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Xiaohui Wang, Shaojuan Zheng, Jianhui Wang, Zhongxiang Zhi, Lianghu Su, Kaiqin Xu, Takuro Kobayashi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Youcai Zhao 16.1 Introduction 395 16.2 Types of Feedstock 397 16.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks 404 16.4 Full-scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries 413 16.5 Perspectives 416 References 416 17 Hydrogen Production by Algae 425 Tunc Catal and Halil Kavakli 17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production 425 17.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms 427 17.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro–Micro) Species 428 17.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation 431 17.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell) 433 17.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen 434 17.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology 437 References 438 18 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel 447 Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Jeyapraksh Damaraja, Sutha Shobana, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Gunagyin Zhen and Gopalakrishnan Kumar 18.1 Introduction 447 18.2 Anaerobic Digestion 448 18.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion 449 18.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion 455 18.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production 456 18.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel 458 18.7 Perspectives 459 References 459 Part IV Perspectives 465 19 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals 467 Pedro F Souza Filho and Mohammad J Taherzadeh 19.1 Introduction 467 19.2 Types of Biorefineries 468 19.3 Biorefinery Platforms 471 19.4 Integrated Biorefineries 472 19.5 Coproducts 475 19.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries 480 19.7 Economical Aspects 482 19.8 Perspectives 484 References 484 20 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy 489 Emiliano Maletta and Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona 20.1 Introduction 489 20.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops 492 20.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria 498 20.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops 502 20.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry 503 20.6 Perspectives 506 References 508 21 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels 515 Haibo Huang and Qing Jin 21.1 Introduction 515 21.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production 516 21.3 Ethanol Production 517 21.4 Butanol 523 21.5 Biodiesel 527 21.6 Perspectives 531 References 531 22 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector 539 Sandra D. Gaona, T.J. Pepping, Cheryl Keenan and Stephen C. DeVito 22.1 Introduction 539 22.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry 540 22.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry 545 22.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing 554 22.5 Perspectives 563 Disclaimer 564 References 564 23 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry 569 Praveen V. Vadlani 23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level 569 23.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry – An Overview 572 23.3 Bio-Based Industry – Current Status and Future Potential 577 23.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio-Based Industries 579 23.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach – Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio-Based Industries 583 Acknowledgements 584 References 585 24 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change 587 Asutosh T. Yagnik 24.1 Introduction 587 24.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 587 24.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability 597 24.4 Perspectives 603 References 607 25 The Industrial World in the Twenty-First Century 613 Alain A. Vertès 25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability 613 25.2 Transportation in the Twenty-First Century: A Carbon Tax Story 622 25.3 Cities of Change 627 25.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited 629 25.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption 633 25.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer 634 25.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World 635 25.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World 636 References 639 Index 649
Summary: "This book is an extensive update and sequel to the successful 2010 book Biomass to Biofuels: Strategies for Global Industries, with an expanded focus on the next generation of energy technologies. Significant progress has been made in this field in the interim, and global market conditions have changed dramatically, impacting the development and feasibility of many green technologies. Focusing on the key challenges that still impede the realization of the billion-ton renewable fuels vision, Green Energy to Sustainability integrates scientific, technological and business development perspectives to highlight the key developments that are necessary for the global replacement of fossil fuels with green energy solutions. The book reviews the latest advances in biofuel manufacturing technologies in light of business, financial, value chain and supply chain concerns, discusses the deployment of other renewable energy for transportation, for example solar energy, and proposes a view of the challenges for the next 2-5 decades. The coming of age of electric vehicles is also discussed, as well as the impact of their deployment on the biomass to biofuels value chain. The book primarily aims at providing an interface useful to business and scientific managers. Emphasis has been placed throughout the book to provide a global view, reviewing deployment and green energy technology in different countries across Africa, Asia, South America, the EU and the USA"-- Provided by publisher.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ALAIN A. VERTÈS, PHD, Sloan Fellow, London Business School, London, UK, and Managing Director of NxR Biotechnologies, Basel Switzerland, is a strategy and business development consultant and works to enable innovation deployment, funding and partnering in biotechnology.

NASIB QURESHI, PHD, is a Senior Research Chemical Engineer in Bioenergy Research Unit at the United States Department of Agriculture in Peoria, Illinois, USA, as well as, Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.

HANS P. BLASCHEK, PHD, is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.

HIDEAKI YUKAWA, is the Chief Executive Officer of the Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Institute, Tokyo, Japan.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

About the Editors xxi

List of Contributors xxv

Foreword xxxi

Preface xxxiii

Part I Structure of the Energy Business 1

1 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand 3
Jürgen Scheffran, Miriam Felkers and Rebecca Froese

1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development 3

1.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use 6

1.3 World Population Trends and Prospects 7

1.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth 8

1.5 Global Energy Development 11

1.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 14

1.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors 16

1.8 Development of Energy Investment 28

1.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization 31

1.10 Perspectives 37

Acknowledgments 38

References 38

2 The Energy Mix in Japan Post-Fukushima 45
Seiji Nakagame

2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan 45

2.2 Energy Dependence 46

2.3 The Energy Policy of Japan 48

2.4 Paris Agreement 49

2.5 Prospective Energy Demand 50

2.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency 50

2.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation 51

2.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions 51

2.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan 51

2.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan 52

2.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan 52

2.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development 52

2.13 Perspectives 53

References 53

3 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America 57
Daniel de Castro Assumpção, Marcelo Hamaguchi, José Dilcio Rocha and Adriano P. Mariano

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 South America 58

3.3 Africa 62

3.4 Southeast Asia 66

3.5 China 69

3.6 Global Perspectives 72

References 72

4 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities 77
F. John Hay and N. Ianno

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis 78

4.3 Photovoltaic Devices 79

4.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications 82

4.5 Perspectives 83

References 84

5 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel 85
Libing Zhang, Terri L. Butler and Bin Yang

5.1 Introduction 85

5.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market 86

5.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry 93

5.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry 98

5.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development 100

5.6 Perspectives 104

Acknowledgments 105

References 105

6 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 111
Sandra D. Gaona, Cheryl Keenan, Cyril Vallet, Lawrence Reichle and Stephen C. DeVito

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 112

6.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing 114

6.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing 121

6.5 Perspectives 131

Disclaimer 134

References 134

7 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology-Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges 137
Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones

7.1 Introduction 137

7.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand 137

7.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts 140

7.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand 143

7.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 145

7.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 149

7.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth 151

7.8 Projection of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology 151

7.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals 152

7.10 Perspectives 154

References 155

Part II Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass 157

8 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass 159
Ankita Juneja and Vijay Singh

8.1 Introduction 159

8.2 2-Carbon 161

8.3 3-Carbon 163

8.4 4-Carbon 166

8.5 5-Carbon 169

8.6 6-Carbon 171

8.7 Perspectives 174

References 175

9 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production 185
Licheng Peng, Freeman Lan and Christopher Q. Lan

9.1 Introduction 185

9.2 Biofuels 186

9.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds 191

9.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies 195

9.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production 200

9.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga-Based Biofuels 205

9.7 Perspectives 209

References 210

10 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for Escherichia coli 219
K. T. Shanmugam, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York and Lonnie O. Ingram

10.1 Introduction 219

10.2 Zymomonas mobilis 222

10.3 Escherichia coli 223

10.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration 227

10.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli 227

10.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway 229

10.7 Ethanol Production by Non-PDC Pathways 230

10.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node 231

10.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production 231

10.10 Perspectives 232

Acknowledgements 232

References 233

11 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation 239
Adriano P. Mariano, Danilo S. Braz, Henrique C. A. Venturelli and Nasib Qureshi

11.1 Introduction 239

11.2 Recent Technological Advances 241

11.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study 246

11.4 Perspectives 263

Acknowledgements 263

References 264

12 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts 269
Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones

12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production 269

12.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production 272

12.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs 277

12.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks 279

References 281

13 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification 283
Elmar M. Villota, Ziyu Dai, Yanpin Lu and Bin Yang

13.1 Introduction 283

13.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism 286

13.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System 289

13.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System 295

13.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis 299

13.6 Perspectives 308

Acknowledgement 309

References 309

14 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 327
Mairi J. Black, Onesmus Mwabonje, Aiduan Li Borrion and Aurelia Karina Hillary

14.1 Introduction 327

14.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 328

14.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment 329

14.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment 329

14.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential 331

14.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 332

14.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels 332

14.8 Conversion of Feedstock 333

14.9 Supply Chain and Logistics 335

14.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply 335

14.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA 336

14.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept 348

References 349

Part III Hydrogen and Methane 355

15 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment 357
Carolina Zampol Lazaro, Emrah Sagir and Patrick C. Hallenbeck

15.1 Introduction 357

15.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation 358

15.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation 370

15.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems 370

15.5 Perspectives 379

Acknowledgements 383

References 383

16 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries 395
Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Xiaohui Wang, Shaojuan Zheng, Jianhui Wang, Zhongxiang Zhi, Lianghu Su, Kaiqin Xu, Takuro Kobayashi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Youcai Zhao

16.1 Introduction 395

16.2 Types of Feedstock 397

16.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks 404

16.4 Full-scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries 413

16.5 Perspectives 416

References 416

17 Hydrogen Production by Algae 425
Tunc Catal and Halil Kavakli

17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production 425

17.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms 427

17.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro–Micro) Species 428

17.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation 431

17.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell) 433

17.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen 434

17.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology 437

References 438

18 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel 447
Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Jeyapraksh Damaraja, Sutha Shobana, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Gunagyin Zhen and Gopalakrishnan Kumar

18.1 Introduction 447

18.2 Anaerobic Digestion 448

18.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion 449

18.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion 455

18.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production 456

18.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel 458

18.7 Perspectives 459

References 459

Part IV Perspectives 465

19 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals 467
Pedro F Souza Filho and Mohammad J Taherzadeh

19.1 Introduction 467

19.2 Types of Biorefineries 468

19.3 Biorefinery Platforms 471

19.4 Integrated Biorefineries 472

19.5 Coproducts 475

19.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries 480

19.7 Economical Aspects 482

19.8 Perspectives 484

References 484

20 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy 489
Emiliano Maletta and Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona

20.1 Introduction 489

20.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops 492

20.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria 498

20.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops 502

20.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry 503

20.6 Perspectives 506

References 508

21 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels 515
Haibo Huang and Qing Jin

21.1 Introduction 515

21.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production 516

21.3 Ethanol Production 517

21.4 Butanol 523

21.5 Biodiesel 527

21.6 Perspectives 531

References 531

22 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector 539
Sandra D. Gaona, T.J. Pepping, Cheryl Keenan and Stephen C. DeVito

22.1 Introduction 539

22.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry 540

22.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry 545

22.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing 554

22.5 Perspectives 563

Disclaimer 564

References 564

23 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry 569
Praveen V. Vadlani

23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level 569

23.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry – An Overview 572

23.3 Bio-Based Industry – Current Status and Future Potential 577

23.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio-Based Industries 579

23.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach – Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio-Based Industries 583

Acknowledgements 584

References 585

24 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change 587
Asutosh T. Yagnik

24.1 Introduction 587

24.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 587

24.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability 597

24.4 Perspectives 603

References 607

25 The Industrial World in the Twenty-First Century 613
Alain A. Vertès

25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability 613

25.2 Transportation in the Twenty-First Century: A Carbon Tax Story 622

25.3 Cities of Change 627

25.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited 629

25.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption 633

25.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer 634

25.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World 635

25.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World 636

References 639

Index 649

"This book is an extensive update and sequel to the successful 2010 book Biomass to Biofuels: Strategies for Global Industries, with an expanded focus on the next generation of energy technologies. Significant progress has been made in this field in the interim, and global market conditions have changed dramatically, impacting the development and feasibility of many green technologies. Focusing on the key challenges that still impede the realization of the billion-ton renewable fuels vision, Green Energy to Sustainability integrates scientific, technological and business development perspectives to highlight the key developments that are necessary for the global replacement of fossil fuels with green energy solutions. The book reviews the latest advances in biofuel manufacturing technologies in light of business, financial, value chain and supply chain concerns, discusses the deployment of other renewable energy for transportation, for example solar energy, and proposes a view of the challenges for the next 2-5 decades. The coming of age of electric vehicles is also discussed, as well as the impact of their deployment on the biomass to biofuels value chain. The book primarily aims at providing an interface useful to business and scientific managers. Emphasis has been placed throughout the book to provide a global view, reviewing deployment and green energy technology in different countries across Africa, Asia, South America, the EU and the USA"-- Provided by publisher.

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