An introduction to biological evolution / Kenneth V. Kardong

Includes glossary and index

Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Evolution of Evolution 2
Introduction 3
Philosophical Schools 3
Fact, Course, Mechanism 5
Fixity of Species 6
Linnaeus 6
Naturalists 6
Change of Species 7
J-B. de Lamarck 7
Upward to Perfection 8
The Mechanism of Evolution: Natural Selection 9
A. R. Wallace 10
Charles Darwin 10
Critics and Controversy 13
Overview 14
Introduction 17
Dating Fossils 18
Stratigraphy 19
Index Fossils 20
Radiometric Dating 20
Geological Ages 22
Fossils and Fossilization 24
Recovery and Restoration 26
From Animal to Fossil 28
Missing Fossils 30
Overview 30
Chapter 2 Times 16
Introduction 33
Inheritance by Intuition 33
Early Intuition 33
Blending Inheritance 34
Medelian Inheritance 35
Gregor Mendel 35
Testcross 39
Mendelian Principles of Inheritance 40
Mendel?s Achievement 40
Chromosomes 42
Cell Division 42
Mendel Amended 44
Gene Linkage 44
Multiple Alleles 44
Multiple Genes---Polygenes 45
Overview 46
Chapter 3 Heredity 32
Introduction 49
Major Transitions of Life 49
Inorganic to Organic Evolution (4 billion years ago) 50
Cell--Prokaryotic, Heterotroph (3.5 billion years ago) 52
Cell--Prokaryotic, Autotroph (2.7 billion years ago) 52
Cell--Prokaryote to Eukaryote (2 billion years ago) 53
Multicellularity 54
Major Transitions of Life and Consequences 55
Ozone 55
Pollutant 55
Eukaryotic Origins 55
Chemical Coding--From Genotype to
Phenotype 55
DNA 55
RNA 57
Cell Metabolism 59
Metabolic Pathways 59
Carbon Fixation 60
Photosynthesis 60
Overview 61
Chapter 4 Emergence of Life 48
Introduction 63
Prokaryotes 63
Bacteria (Eubacteria) 63
Archaea (Archaebacteria) 65
Eukaryotes 65
Protists 65
E coli--Friend or Foe 65
Plants 66
Fungi 70
Animals 71
Environment 79
Overview 80
Chapter 5 Diversity of Life 62
Introduction 83
The Facts of Evolution 84
The Fossil Record 84
Comparative Anatomy 85
Comparative Embryology 90
Human Appendix--Out of a Job 93
Vestigial and Atavistic Structures 93
Distributional Evidence 96
The Course of Evolution 101
Overview 101
Chapter 6 Evidence of Evolution 82
Introduction 105
The Phenotype Takes a Beating 106
Artificial versus Natural Selection 106
Artificial Selection 106
Natural Selection 110
Types of Natural Selection 113
Stabilizing Selection 114
Directional Selection 115
Disruptive Selection 115
Sexual Selection 115
From Mate to Meal 118
Overview 121
Chapter 7 Selection 104
Introduction 125
Mixing It Up 125
Recombination 125
Sex 126
Mutations 126
Early Work 126
Mistakes Happen 127
Point Mutations 127
Gene Duplication 128
Sickle-Cell Anemia: Disease Against Disease 129
Chromosomal Mutations 130
Hox Genes and Their Kingdoms 130
Overview 134
Chapter 8 Variation: Spice of Life 124
Introduction 137
Species Definitions 138
Biological Species 138
Morphospiecies 138
Paleospecies 138
Agamospecies 138
The Process of Species Formation 139
Four Steps to Speciation 139
Isolation and Diversification 141
Accentuated Reproductive and Ecological Isolation 141
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms 142
Prezygotic Mechanisms 142
Postzygotic Mechanisms 144
Natural Selection and RIMs 144
Patterns of Speciation 144
Clines 144
Ring Species 147
Flaming Retreats 149
Parallelism and Convergence 149
Latitudinal Gradients of Species Diversity 149
Overview 152
Chapter 9 Speciation 136
Introduction 155
Symbiosis--Good, Bad, and Ugly 155
Arms Race 156
Plant--Animal Co-evolution 156
Mutualism 157
Commensalism 160
Protective Coloration and Shape 162
Camouflage 162
Warning Coloration (Aposematic) 162
Mimicry 163
Batesian Mimicry 164
Mullerian Mimicry 167
Other Types of Mimicry 168
Overview 169
Chapter 10 Co-Evolution 154
Introduction 173
Life History Traits 173
Lizards 173
Guppies 174
Roundabout with Parasites 175
Time and Energy Budgets 177
Abiotic Factors 178
Biotic Factors 179
Overview 180
Chapter 11 Life History Strategies 172
Introduction 183
Alarm Calls 183
Individual Selection and Group Selection 185
Altruism versus Selfish Behavior 186
Kin Selection 186
Inclusive Fitness 186
Sex--What Good Is It? 187
Coefficient of Relationship 187
Levels of Selection 189
Microevolution and Macroevolution 190
Quantum Evolution 190
Punctuated Equilibrium 190
Consequences of Punctuated Equilibrium 192
Rapid Evolution 193
On the Edge 194
Macro Changes at Micro Levels 197
Overview 199
Chapter 12 Life in Groups 182
Introduction 203
Uniform Extinctions 204
Co-evolution 204
Islands 205
Red Queen 208
Assessment of Uniform Extinctions 209
Mass Extinctions 210
Dinosaur Extinctions--The Heated Debate 211
Dinosaur: The Sequel--After Jurasic Park 215
Causes of Dinosaur Extinctions 216
Mass Extinctions--Case Studies 216
The North Pole is Headed South 217
Plate Tectonics 217
Ice Ages 221
Cosmic Collisions 222
Overview 225
Chapter 13 Extinctions 202
Appendix 1 Cell Division--A Review 293
Appendix 2 Taxonomy 299
Appendix 3 Molecular Clocks 305
Glossary 309
Credits 315
Index 317
Introduction 249
On to Modern Hominids 251
Out of Africa 251
Out of Africa--Again 254
Evolving Language 254
Homo sapiens--Out of Africa a Third Time 256
Hominid Evolution--Innovations and Insights 257
Mosaic Evolution 258
Human Variation 258
Physical and Behavioral Features--Real and Imagined 260
Hairless Bodies 261
Language 261
Religion 263
Wanderlust 264
Out of Africa 264
Arrival of Homo sapiens 264
To the Americas 265
Overview 267
Chapter 15 Human Evolution: Building Modern Humans 248
Nature Red in Tooth and Claw 271
Enter, Genetic Technology 272
Evolution in Our Hands 276
People, Pathogens, and Plagues 276
A Plague in Your City 277
The Marathon--Stretching It 277
From Gods to Germs 278
Epidemics 279
Viruses 279
Evolving Plagues and Pathogens 280
The Origin of Diseases 281
Co-Evolution of People and Pathogens 283
Humans 283
Friendly Fever 284
Pathogens 284
Emerging Plagues 287
Medical Technology 287
The Magic Bullet 288
Revenge of the Germs 288
Plasmids 289
Antibiotics Everywhere 289
Running Out of Bullets 289
Overview?
Evolution Today and Tomorrow 290
Chapter 16 Evolutionary Biology: Today and Beyond 270
Introduction 229
New Ancestors 230
Pitfalls 230
Human Inevitability 230
Nature versus Nurture 232
Primates 234
Primate Features 234
Primate Evolution 236
The Course of Hominid Evolution 237
Hominid or Hominin 239
Hominid Features 239
Hominid Evolution--On Becoming Human 241
Hoax 241
Taung Skull--A Child?s Story 241
Lucy--Farther Back in Time 242
Vegetarians--A Dead End 244
At the Root of It All?
The Oldest Hominids 245
Overview 245